The EU’s Digital Services Act mandates greater researcher data access from platforms; Mozilla and the National Conference on Citizenship investigated 19 platforms’ responses

Five platforms offer formal programs to researchers: Facebook/Instagram (Meta), TikTok, AliExpress, LinkedIn, and Google Search. Five platforms make existing APIs and access programs available to researchers: Bing, Google Maps, Wikipedia, X (Twitter), and YouTube Several platforms grant researchers permission to scrape, either explicitly or implicitly: Alphabet (Google Play, Shopping, Search, and YouTube) as well as Booking.com, Amazon Store, and Pinterest Three platforms enable researchers to request data: LinkedIn, Pinterest, and Snapchat